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python异常之else代码块 通过将可能引发错误的代码放在try-except 代码块中，可提高这个程序抵御错误的能力。错误是执行除法运算的代码行导致的，因此我们需要将它放到try-except 代码块中。这个示例还包含一个else 代码块;依赖于try 代码块成功执行的代码都应放到else 代码块中:try: answer = 5/1 except ZeroDivisionError as e: print('不能除零') else: print(answer)try-except-else 代码块的工作原理大致如下:Python尝试执行try代码块中的代码;只有可能引发异常的代码才需要放在try语句中。有时候，有一些仅在try 代码块成功 执行时才需要运行的代码这些代码应放在else代码块中。except代码块告诉Python，如果它尝试运行try代码块中的代码时引发了指定的异常，该怎么办。 -
sqlalchemy 连接数据库出现 No module named 'MySQL' 问题再现使用sqlalchemy调用MySql时，连接信息一开始是这么写的engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqlconnector://账户:密码@域名或IP:端口/数据库') 问题分析出现问题的原因就在于红色的部分，使用了mysqlconnector进行连接，在python3中，我们改用pymysql进行连接。问题解决安装pymysqlpip install pymysql修改数据库连接信息engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://账户:密码@域名或IP:端口/数据库')
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python生成验证码 依赖PILpip install pillow公共方法import hashlib import random import string from PIL import Image, ImageFont, ImageDraw, ImageFilter from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) app.config.from_object("config.DevelopmentConfig") # 从config.py读入配置 def rndColor(): """随机颜色""" return random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127) def gene_text(): """生成4位验证码""" return ''.join(random.sample(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, 4)) def draw_lines(draw, num, width, height): """划线""" for num in range(num): x1 = random.randint(0, width / 2) y1 = random.randint(0, height / 2) x2 = random.randint(0, width) y2 = random.randint(height / 2, height) draw.line(((x1, y1), (x2, y2)), fill='black', width=1) def get_verify_code(): """生成验证码图形""" code = gene_text() # 图片大小120×50 width, height = 100, 40 # 新图片对象 im = Image.new('RGB', (width, height), 'white') # 字体 font = ImageFont.truetype('app/static/arial.ttf', 30) # draw对象 draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) # 绘制字符串 for item in range(4): draw.text((5 + random.randint(-3, 3) + 23 * item, 5 + random.randint(-3, 3)), text=code[item], fill=rndColor(), font=font) # 划线 draw_lines(draw, 2, width, height) # 高斯模糊 im = im.filter(ImageFilter.GaussianBlur(radius=1.5)) return im, code def salted_password(password): salt = app.config.get('SALT_KEY') hsobj = hashlib.sha256(salt.encode("utf-8")) hsobj.update(password.encode("utf-8")) return hsobj.hexdigest().upper() 调用from app import app from flask import render_template, request, session, redirect, make_response,url_for,flash from app import db from app.functions import get_verify_code, salted_password import re from app.models import Users,UsersJson,Menus,MenuDto import datetime from io import BytesIO from app.PubFunc.EmailHelp import EmailCls import json from datetime import timedelta import threading @app.route('/code') def get_code(): image, code = get_verify_code() # 图片以二进制形式写入 buf = BytesIO() image.save(buf, 'jpeg') buf_str = buf.getvalue() # 把buf_str作为response返回前端，并设置首部字段 response = make_response(buf_str) response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'image/gif' # 将验证码字符串储存在session中 session['verifyCode'] = code return response @app.route('/') def main(): if 'userName' not in session or session['userName'] == None or session['userName'] == '': return redirect('login') # email = EmailCls() # emailInfo = email.getEmail() # t= threading.Thread(target=email.getEmail) # t.setDaemon(True) # t.start() # t.join() menus = test_set_subMenus() return render_template('index.html',userinfo=json.loads(session['userinfo']),emailInfo=None,menus=menus) @app.route('/logout') def logout(): session.clear return redirect('/login') @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): if (request.method == 'GET'): return render_template('login.html') else: username = request.form.get('userlogin') password = request.form.get('loginpassword') verifyCode = request.form.get('loginverifycode') rememberme = request.form.get('rememberme') remembermemonth = request.form.get('remembermemonth') if rememberme=='on': app.config['PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME'] = timedelta(days=7) #配置7天有效 session.permanent = timedelta(days=7) if remembermemonth=='on': app.config['PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME'] = True # 长期有效，一个月的时间有效 session.permanent = True # 长期有效，一个月的时间有效 if 'verifyCode' not in session or session['verifyCode'] == None or session['verifyCode'] == '': return redirect('login') if verifyCode == None or verifyCode == '': return '请输入验证码' if verifyCode.upper() != session['verifyCode'].upper(): return '验证码输入不正确' if username == None or username == '': return '请输入用户名' if password == None or password == '': return '请输入密码' user = db.session.query(Users).filter_by(user_login=username).first() if user == None: return '当前用户尚未注册' if not user.user_pass == salted_password(password): return '密码输入不正确' session['userName'] = username session['userinfo']=json.dumps(user,default=UsersJson) return redirect('/') @app.route('/register', methods=['POST', ]) def register(): username = request.form.get('regusername') password = request.form.get('regpassword') verifyCode = request.form.get('regverifycode') userEmail = request.form.get('regemail') if username == None or username == '': return '请输入用户名' if userEmail == None or userEmail == '': return '请输入邮箱' if not re.match(r'^[0-9a-zA-Z_]{0,19}@[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,13}\.[com,cn,net,me,org,com.cn.cc.co]{1,3}$', userEmail): return '邮箱格式不正确' if password == None or password == '': return '请输入密码' if verifyCode.upper() != session['verifyCode'].upper(): return '验证码输入不正确' user = Users() user.user_login = username user.user_email = userEmail user.user_pass = salted_password(password) user.user_nicename = username user.user_registered = datetime.datetime.now() user.user_status = 1 user.display_name = username sql = 'SELECT 1 FROM Users where user_login=:username or user_email=:user_email' userExist = db.session.execute(sql, {'username': username, 'user_email': userEmail}) if len(userExist.fetchall()) > 0: return '当前用户已存在或者邮箱已被注册' db.session.add(user) db.session.commit() return redirect('/') @app.route('/welcome_iframe.html') def elements(): return render_template('welcome_iframe.html') @app.route('/UI/buttons_iframe.html') def buttons(): return render_template('UI/buttons_iframe.html') @app.route('/UI/general_iframe.html') def general_iframe(): return render_template('UI/general_iframe.html') @app.route('/UI/icons_iframe.html') def icons_iframe(): return render_template('UI/icons_iframe.html') @app.route('/UI/modals_iframe.html') def modals_iframe(): return render_template('UI/modals_iframe.html') @app.route('/UI/sliders_iframe.html') def sliders_iframe(): return render_template('UI/sliders_iframe.html') @app.route('/UI/timeline_iframe.html') def timeline_iframe(): return render_template('UI/timeline_iframe.html') def queryByParent(parentid): menus = db.session.query(Menus).filter_by(parentid=parentid).all() return menus def set_subMenus(id, menus): """ 根据传递过来的父菜单id，递归设置各层次父菜单的子菜单列表 :param id: 父级id :param menus: 子菜单列表 :return: 如果这个菜单没有子菜单，返回None;如果有子菜单，返回子菜单列表 """ # 记录子菜单列表 subMenus = [] # 遍历子菜单 for m in menus: if m.parentid == id: subMenus.append(m) # 把子菜单的子菜单再循环一遍 for sub in subMenus: menus2 = queryByParent(sub.id) # 还有子菜单 if len(menus): sub.subMenus = set_subMenus(sub.id, menus2) # 子菜单列表不为空 if len(subMenus): return subMenus else: # 没有子菜单了 return None def test_set_subMenus(): # 一级菜单 rootMenus = queryByParent('0') for menu in rootMenus: subMenus = queryByParent(menu.id) menu.subMenus = set_subMenus(menu.id, subMenus) jsonData = json.dumps(rootMenus,default=MenuDto,ensure_ascii=False) return jsonData 前台<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>开发框架</title> <meta name="keywords" content="开发框架" /> <meta name="description" content="开发框架" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <!-- basic styles --> <link href="/static/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/img/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/font.googleapis.com.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/ace.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/ace-rtl.min.css" /> </head> <body class="login-layout"> <div class="main-container"> <div class="main-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="login-container"> <div class="center"> <h1> <i class="fa fa-leaf green"></i> <a href="https://www.erpdev.cn"><span class="red">ErpDev.Cn</span></a> <br/> <span class="white">基于Python的开发框架</span> </h1> <h4 class="blue">©copy; <a href="https://lisen.cc">李森的博客</a></h4> </div> <div class="space-6"></div> <div class="position-relative"> <div id="login-box" class="login-box visible widget-box no-border"> <div class="widget-body"> <div class="widget-main"> <h4 class="header blue lighter bigger"> <i class="icon-coffee green"></i> 请输入个人信息 </h4> <div class="space-6"></div> <form action="{{ url_for("login") }}" method="post" name="loginform" id="loginform"> <fieldset> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <input type="text" id="userlogin" name="userlogin" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入用户名" required minlength="4" maxlength="30" /> <i class="icon-user"></i> </span> </label> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <input type="password" id="loginpassword" name="loginpassword" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入密码" required minlength="8" /> <i class="icon-lock"></i> </span> </label> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-4"> <img id="loginverifycodeImg" src="/code" /> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 col-xs-8"> <input type="text" id="loginverifycode" name="loginverifycode" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入验证码" required minlength="4" maxlength="4" /> </div> </div> <i class="icon-lock"></i> </span> </label> <div class="space"></div> <div class="clearfix"> <label class="inline"> <input type="checkbox" class="ace" id="rememberme" name="rememberme"/> <span class="lbl">记住我(7天）</span> </label> <label class="inline"> <input type="checkbox" class="ace" id="remembermemonth" name="remembermemonth"/> <span class="lbl">记住我(1个月）</span> </label> <button type="submit" class="width-35 pull-right btn btn-sm btn-primary"> <i class="icon-key"></i> 登录 </button> </div> <div class="space-4"></div> </fieldset> </form> <div class="social-or-login center"> <span class="bigger-110">通过以下方式登录</span> </div> <div class="social-login center"> <a class="btn btn-primary"> <i class="fa fa-qq"></i> </a> <a class="btn btn-info"> <i class="fa fa-wechat"></i> </a> <a class="btn btn-danger"> <i class="fa fa-weibo"></i> </a> </div> </div><!-- /widget-main --> <div class="toolbar clearfix"> <div> <a href="#" onclick="show_box('forgot-box'); return false;" class="forgot-password-link"> <i class="icon-arrow-left"></i> 忘记密码？ </a> </div> <div> <a href="#" onclick="show_box('signup-box'); return false;" class="user-signup-link"> 注册 <i class="icon-arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div><!-- /widget-body --> </div><!-- /login-box --> <div id="forgot-box" class="forgot-box widget-box no-border"> <div class="widget-body"> <div class="widget-main"> <h4 class="header red lighter bigger"> <i class="icon-key"></i> 找回密码 </h4> <div class="space-6"></div> <p> 请输入邮箱 </p> <form> <fieldset> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <input type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="邮箱" /> <i class="icon-envelope"></i> </span> </label> <div class="clearfix"> <button type="button" class="width-35 pull-right btn btn-sm btn-danger"> <i class="icon-lightbulb"></i> 发送 </button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div><!-- /widget-main --> <div class="toolbar center"> <a href="#" onclick="show_box('login-box'); return false;" class="back-to-login-link"> 登录 <i class="icon-arrow-right"></i> </a> </div> </div><!-- /widget-body --> </div><!-- /forgot-box --> <div id="signup-box" class="signup-box widget-box no-border"> <div class="widget-body"> <div class="widget-main"> <h4 class="header green lighter bigger"> <i class="icon-group blue"></i> 注册 </h4> <div class="space-6"></div> <p> 请输入个人信息: </p> <form action="register" method="POST"> <fieldset> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <input type="email" id="regemail" name="regemail" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入邮箱" required maxlength="100" /> <i class="icon-envelope"></i> </span> </label> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <input type="text" id="regusername" name="regusername" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入用户名" required maxlength="30" minlength="4" /> <i class="icon-user"></i> </span> </label> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <input type="password" id="regpassword" name="regpassword" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入密码" required minlength="8" maxlength="100" /> <i class="icon-lock"></i> </span> </label> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <input type="password" id="regcomfirmpassword" name="regcomfirmpassword" class="form-control" placeholder="请再次输入密码" required equalTo:"#regpassword" /> <i class="icon-retweet"></i> </span> </label> <label class="block clearfix"> <span class="block input-icon input-icon-right"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-4"> <img src="/code" /> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 col-xs-8"> <input type="text" id="regverifycode" name="regverifycode" class="form-control" placeholder="验证码" required="true" maxlength="4" minlength="4" /> </div> </div> <i class="icon-lock"></i> </span> </label> <label class="block"> <input type="checkbox" class="ace" required /> <span class="lbl"> 我同意 <a href="#">用户协议</a> </span> </label> <div class="space-24"></div> <div class="clearfix"> <button type="reset" class="width-30 pull-left btn btn-sm"> <i class="icon-refresh"></i> 取消 </button> <button type="submit" class="width-65 pull-right btn btn-sm btn-success"> 注册 <i class="icon-arrow-right icon-on-right"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="toolbar center"> <a href="#" onclick="show_box('login-box'); return false;" class="back-to-login-link"> <i class="icon-arrow-left"></i> 登录 </a> </div> </div><!-- /widget-body --> </div><!-- /signup-box --> </div><!-- /position-relative --> </div> </div><!-- /.col --> </div><!-- /.row --> </div> </div><!-- /.main-container --> <!-- basic scripts --> <!--[if !IE]> --> <script type="text/javascript"> window.jQuery || document.write("<script src='/static/js/jQuery/jquery-2.2.3.min.js'>"+"<"+"/script>"); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/jQuery/jquery.validate.min.js"></script> <!-- <![endif]--> <!--[if IE]> <script type="text/javascript"> window.jQuery || document.write("<script src='/static/js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js'>"+"<"+"/script>"); </script> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> if("ontouchend" in document) document.write("<script src='/static/js/jQuery/jquery.mobile.custom.min.js'>"+"<"+"/script>"); </script> <!-- inline scripts related to this page --> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function(){ $("#loginverifycodeImg").click(function(){ $('#loginverifycodeImg').attr('src',"/code?t="+Date()); }) }) function show_box(id) { jQuery('.widget-box.visible').removeClass('visible'); jQuery('#'+id).addClass('visible'); } </script> </body> </html>
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Mac设置默认Python3 首先打开终端open ~/.bash_profile打开配置文件写入python的外部环境变量（本人的版本是3.7） export PATH=${PATH}:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin重命名pythonalias python="/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin/python3.7"{message type="success" content="这步很重要，直接关系到默认启动的python版本是否修改"/}确认修改关闭文件后，在终端调用source ~/.bash_profile测试在终端调用 python，查看是否修改成功
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